|
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) controversies include concerns about its existence as a disorder, its causes, the methods by which ADHD is diagnosed and treated including the use of stimulant medications in children, possible overdiagnosis, misdiagnosis as ADHD leading to undertreatment of the real underlying disease, alleged hegemonic practices of the American Psychiatric Association and negative stereotypes of children diagnosed with ADHD. These controversies have surrounded the subject since at least the 1970s. The best course of ADHD management is major topic of debate. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medication for ADHD in the United States. The National Institute of Mental Health maintains that stimulants are considered safe when used under medical supervision,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NIMH · ADHD · The Treatment of ADHD )〕 but there are concerns regarding the higher rates of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as increased severity of these disorders in individuals with a history of stimulant use for ADHD in childhood. ==Status as a disorder== The controversy surrounding ADHD involves clinicians, scientists, teachers, policymakers, parents and the media with opinions regarding ADHD ranging from those who do not believe it exists to those who believe that there are genetic and physiological bases for the condition. While the existence of ADHD is generally accepted, controversy exists over the high rates of diagnosis in children and adolescents, the treatment of individuals with ADHD medically, educationally and legally, and whether treatment should continue into adulthood. The controversies around ADHD have been on-going at least since the 1970s. In the most accepted authority on clinical diagnoses of psychological behavior, the DSM-IV, ADHD is included as a genuine disorder while significant controversy surrounds how it is diagnosed and treated.〔 Researchers from McMaster University identified five features of ADHD that contribute to its controversial nature: # It is a clinical diagnosis for which there are no laboratory or radiological confirmatory tests or specific physical features. # Diagnostic criteria have changed frequently. # There is no curative treatment, so long-term therapies are required. # Therapy often includes stimulant drugs that have abuse potential. # The rates of diagnosis and of treatment substantially differ across countries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|